Universal Three Phase Controllers For Power Converters

ABSTRACT

The systems and methods described herein provide for a universal controller capable of controlling multiple types of three phase, two and three level power converters. The universal controller is capable of controlling the power converter in any quadrant of the PQ domain. The universal controller can include a region selection unit, an input selection unit, a reference signal source unit and a control core. The control core can be implemented using one-cycle control, average current mode control, current mode control or sliding mode control and the like. The controller can be configured to control different types of power converters by adjusting the reference signal source. Also provided are multiple modulation methods for controlling the power converter.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to the field of power converter controllers, and more particularly to systems and methods for the control of power converters with a controller.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Switched power converters are circuits having numerous applications in distributed generation (DG) power systems. FIGS. 1-4 depict four types of commonly used switched power converters. FIG. 1A depicts a two level power factor corrected (PFC) rectifier 102. Here, PFC rectifier 102 is used to shape the line currents i_(a), i_(b) and i_(c) to be proportional to the corresponding line voltages V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c). FIG. 1B depicts an example graph of the line voltage versus time, and the line current versus time, where j is used to denote a, b or c. Here, it can be seen that the line current i_(j) is kept proportional to the line voltage V_(j).

FIG. 2A depicts a two level active power filter (APF) 104, which is another example power converter. Here, APF 104 is used to generate anti-harmonic and reactive currents to suppress or cancel harmonics in the power lines. FIG. 2B depicts an example graph of the system line voltage, V_(j), versus time. FIG. 2C depicts an example graph of the line current, i_(j), versus time prior to adjustment by the APF 104. FIG. 2D depicts an example graph of the anti-harmonic or reactive current, i_(cj), versus time and FIG. 2E depicts an exemplary graph of the resulting line current, i_(ij), after adjustment by the APF 104.

FIG. 3A depicts a two level pulse width modulated (PWM static volt-ampere-reactive (VAR) compensator (SVC) 106, which is another example of a power converter. Here, SVC 106 is used to generate a 90 degree phase offset, either leading or lagging, of the line current from the line voltage so as to control power flow from a power grid. The power grid is typically a power system, or power utility, which is a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, power generators, motors and the like. FIG. 3B depicts an example graph of the line voltage, V_(j), and the line current, i_(j), versus time where i_(j) lags V_(j) and FIG. 3C depicts an example graph of the line voltage, V_(j), and the line current, i_(j), versus time where i_(j) leads V_(j). An example of a similar type of power converter is a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM).

FIG. 4A depicts a two level grid connected inverter (GCI) 108, which is another example of a power converter. Here, GCI 108 is used to convert time-static, or direct current (DC), power into time-varying, or alternating current (AC), power flowing into the power grid, where the generated current (i_(j)) has a polarity opposite that of the line voltage (V_(j)). The power grid is typically a power system, or power utility, which is a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, power generators, motors and the like. FIG. 4B depicts a graph of V_(j) and i_(j) versus time, where V_(j) and i_(j) have opposite polarities. GCI 108 is typically used to convert DC energy from renewable or alternative energy sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic sources, batteries and the like.

Each of the power converters 102-108 are operating by controlling the state (opened or closed) of each of the various switches 110. Some conventional control methods employ DQ conversion and real-time reference current calculation. These methods require a high-speed digital microprocessor and high performance A/D converters and result in a higher cost, higher complexity and lower reliability. Another conventional control method is referred to as one cycle control (OCC).

OCC is a unified pulse width modulation (PWM) control method that is capable of controlling basic power converters with relatively lower costs, lower complexity and higher reliability. OCC is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,490, issued Jan. 11, 1994, which is fully incorporated by reference herein. Many previous OCC controllers were not capable of operation with different types of power converters 102-108. The design of separate OCC controllers was required for each type of power converter 102-108.

More recently, OCC controllers were developed capable of controlling more than one type of power converter. For instance, three phase two-level OCC controllers capable of controlling a PFC 102, APF 104 and GCI 108 were described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,980 issued on Oct. 2, 2001 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,887, issued on Apr. 8, 2003, both of which are fully incorporated by reference herein. However, these OCC controllers were not capable of operation with each type of power converter 102-108.

Accordingly, a universal controller capable of controlling multiple types of two and three level power converters is needed.

SUMMARY

The systems and methods described herein provide for modulation methods for controlling a three phase three level power converter with a controller. In one exemplary embodiment of a modulation method, the power converter includes a first, a second and a third voltage source where each voltage source is configured to output a time-varying signal and is inductively coupled to a separate input node. Each input node is preferably connectable to a first output node, a second output node and a third output node. The power converter also includes a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output node and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and the third output node. Each time-varying voltage signal has substantially the same period and a different phase.

The method includes determining which voltage signal has the highest voltage, the lowest voltage and the intermediate voltage higher than one of the voltage signals and lower than the other voltage signal for each of a plurality of sub-periods. Then connecting the voltage signal having the intermediate voltage to only the first output node during each sub-period, connecting the voltage signal having the highest voltage to one of the second or third output nodes during each sub-period; and connecting the voltage signal having the lowest voltage to one of the second or third output nodes during each sub-period.

In another exemplary embodiment, the modulation method includes providing a power converter having a first, a second and a third voltage source each configured to output a time-varying signal. The first and second voltage sources are each preferably inductively coupled to a separate input node. The input nodes can be connectable to a first and second output node. The third voltage source is preferably inductively coupled to a third output node. The power converter also includes a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output node, and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and the third output node. Each time-varying voltage signal preferably has substantially the same period and a different phase. The method also includes providing a controller configured to control the connection of the second and third voltage sources to the second and third output nodes.

In yet another exemplary embodiment of a modulation method, the power converter includes a first, a second and a third voltage source where each voltage source is configured to output a time-varying signal and is inductively coupled to a separate input node. Each input node is preferably connectable to a first output node, a second output node and a third output node. The converter can further include a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output node and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and the third output node. Each time-varying voltage signal preferably has substantially the same period and a different phase.

The method preferably includes determining which voltage signal has the highest voltage, the lowest voltage and the intermediate voltage higher than one of the voltage signals and lower than the other voltage signal for each of a plurality of sub-periods, determining which voltage signal is dominant for each of the plurality of sub-periods, connecting the voltage signal having the lowest voltage to only the third output node when the dominant voltage signal is lower than the non-dominant voltage signals, connecting the voltage signal having the highest voltage to one of the first output node and the second output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is lower than the non-dominant voltage signals, connecting the voltage signal having the intermediate voltage to one of the second output node and the third output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is lower than the non-dominant voltage signals, connecting the voltage signal having the highest voltage to only the second output node when the dominant voltage signal is higher than the non-dominant voltage signals, connecting the voltage signal having the lowest voltage to one of the first output node and the second output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is higher than the non-dominant voltage signals and connecting the voltage signal having the intermediate voltage to one of the second output node and the third output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is higher than the non-dominant voltage signals.

The systems and methods described herein also provide for a universal controller capable of controlling numerous types of three phase, two and three level power converters. Any type of power converter can be controlled in any of the four quadrants of the PQ domain (the domain of real and imaginary power). The universal controller can include a region selection unit, a signal selection unit, a reference signal source unit, a drive signal distribution unit and a control core. The control core can be implemented with one-cycle control, average current mode control, current mode control, sliding mode control and the like. The controller can be configured to control numerous types of power converters by adjusting the reference signal source unit. Also provided are multiple embodiments of control cores suitable for use with the various modulation methods.

Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims. It is also intended that the invention is not limited to require the details of the example embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The details of the invention, including fabrication, structure and operation, may be gleaned in part by study of the accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like segments.

FIG. 1A is a schematic view depicting an exemplary PFC rectifier power converter.

FIG. 1B is a graph of voltage versus time depicting various input and output signals for the PFC rectifier depicted in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view depicting an exemplary APF power converter.

FIGS. 2B-C are graphs of voltage versus time depicting various input signals for the APF power converter depicted in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2D is a graph of voltage versus time depicting a voltage signal applied to the input signals for the APF power converter depicted in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2E is a graph of voltage versus time depicting an output signal for the APF power converter depicted in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view depicting an exemplary SVC power converter.

FIGS. 3B-C are graphs of voltage versus time depicting various input and output signals for the SVC power converter depicted in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4A is a schematic view depicting an exemplary GCI power converter.

FIG. 4B is a graph of voltage versus time depicting various input and output signals for the GCI power converter depicted in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view depicting one exemplary embodiment of a power converter system.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting a method of modeling a power converter controller.

FIG. 7A is a graph of voltage versus time depicting an exemplary reference signal and input signal for a PFC rectifier or APF converter.

FIG. 7B is a schematic view depicting one exemplary embodiment of a reference signal source unit for a PFC rectifier or APF converter.

FIG. 8A is a graph of voltage versus time depicting an exemplary reference signal and input signal for a GCI converter.

FIG. 8B is a schematic view depicting one exemplary embodiment of a reference signal source unit for a GCI converter.

FIG. 9A is a graph of voltage versus time depicting an exemplary reference signal and input signal for an SVC converter.

FIG. 9B is a schematic view depicting one exemplary embodiment of a reference signal source unit for an SVC converter.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view depicting one exemplary embodiment of an OCC control core. FIGS. 11A-B are a schematic views depicting exemplary embodiments of signal adjustment units.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of a three phase three level power converter.

FIG. 13A is a graph of voltage versus time depicting exemplary operating regions for one period of the main line time-varying voltage signals.

FIG. 13B is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary modulation method for controlling a power converter.

FIG. 13C is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of an equivalent three phase three level power converter for the modulation method depicted in FIG. 13B.

FIG. 13D is a table depicting duty ratio and voltage values for the exemplary modulation method depicted in FIG. 13B.

FIG. 13E is a flow diagram depicting another exemplary modulation method for controlling a power converter.

FIG. 13F is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of an equivalent three phase three level power converter for the modulation method depicted in FIG. 13E.

FIG. 13G is a table depicting duty ratio and voltage values for the exemplary modulation method depicted in FIG. 13F.

FIG. 14 is a schematic view depicting another exemplary embodiment of a three phase three level power converter.

FIG. 15A is a graph of voltage versus time depicting exemplary operating regions for one period of the main line time-varying voltage signals.

FIG. 15B is a flow diagram depicting another exemplary modulation method for controlling a power converter.

FIG. 15C is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of an equivalent three phase three level power converter for the modulation method depicted in FIG. 15B.

FIG. 15D is a table depicting duty ratio and voltage values for the exemplary modulation method depicted in FIG. 15B.

FIG. 16A is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of an OCC control core suitable for use with the modulation method depicted in FIG. 13B.

FIG. 16B is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of an OCC control core suitable for use with the modulation method depicted in FIG. 13E.

FIG. 16C is a schematic view depicting an exemplary embodiment of an OCC control core suitable for use with the modulation method depicted in FIG. 15B.

FIGS. 17A-C are schematic views depicting additional exemplary embodiments of control cores.

FIG. 18A is a graph of voltage versus time depicting exemplary voltage signals for a PFC rectifier operating with a heavy load.

FIG. 18B is a graph of voltage versus time depicting exemplary voltage signals for a PFC rectifier operating with a light load.

FIG. 18C is a graph of voltage versus time depicting exemplary noise signals for a PFC rectifier.

FIG. 18D is a graph of voltage versus time depicting exemplary pulse width modulation signals for a PFC rectifier.

FIG. 18E is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary voltage limiting method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The systems and methods described herein are directed towards a universal controller capable of controlling multiple types of three phase power converters, as well as methods for modulating a universal controller. FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a power converter system 500 having universal controller 502 capable of controlling a two or three level power converter 501 (a two-level power converter 501 is depicted here) in both high and low voltage applications. Power converter 501 can be any type of power converter, including, but not limited to a PFC, APF, SVC and GCI. The controller 502 can operate in any PQ quadrant, allowing multiple advantages such as bidirectional current flow in both PFC rectifier and GCI power converters 501. In this embodiment, universal controller 502 includes a signal selection unit 504, a control core 506, a region selection unit 508, a drive signal distribution unit 510 and a reference signal source unit 512.

Here, region selection unit 508 is configured to determine the current operating region for the power converter based on the time-varying voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c). Operating regions will be discussed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 13A and 15A. Region selection unit 508 then outputs one or more signals 509 representative of this determination to signal selection unit 504 and drive signal distribution unit 510. Reference signal source unit 512 is configured to provide one or more reference signals, V_(ref), to the input selection unit 504, which then combines the reference signal with the three time varying signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) and preferably selects the appropriate combined one or more current signals, R_(s)i_(a), R_(s)i_(b) or R_(s)i_(c), based on the current operating region. The signal selection unit 504 then outputs the selected input signals 505 to the control core 506.

Control core 506 is preferably configured to generate drive signals 507 for driving the switches 604 (or switch 605, which is not shown here but described below) in power converter 501. Control core 506 is preferably configured to generate the drive signals 507 based on the reference signal(s) V_(ref), the current signals, R_(s)i_(a), R_(s)i_(b) or R_(s)i_(c), the region of operation and the output voltage, V_(m), from voltage loop compensator 582. Control core 506 outputs the drive signals 507 to drive signal distribution unit 510, which then preferably routes the drive signals 507 to the appropriate switch 604 based on the operating region.

The reference signal source unit 512 is preferably configured according to the type of power converter 501 being controlled. Preferably, the reference signal V_(ref) is generated according to the following equation (1): $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} i_{aref} \\ i_{bref} \\ i_{cref} \end{bmatrix} = {{- G_{e}} \cdot {{\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta}\begin{bmatrix} v_{a} \\ v_{b} \\ v_{c} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ where i_(aref), i_(bref) and i_(cref) are the reference signal currents, G_(e) is a constant and θ is the desired phase offset. A method of designing a universal controller 502 for use in a power converter 501 is provided by the systems and methods described herein. FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary design method 590 for modeling a universal controller 502. At 591, the desired phase offset and gain for the reference signal V_(ref) in the power converter application is determined. At 592, these phase and gain values are inserted into equation (1). At 593, the universal controller 502 is modeled with the reference signal V_(ref), or i_(aref), i_(bref) and i_(cref), generated by equation (1).

Some exemplary reference signals V_(ref) and the configurations of reference signal source unit 512 used to generate the reference signals V_(ref) are depicted in FIGS. 7-9. FIG. 7A depicts one exemplary reference signal V_(ref) for use when power converter 501 is a PFC rectifier or APF. Here, the reference signal V_(ref) is a constant voltage, preferably ground, which is independent of the input signal, V_(a), V_(b) or V_(c), denoted here by V_(j). FIG. 7B depicts one exemplary embodiment of a configuration that can be used to generate the reference signals i_(aref), i_(bref) and i_(cref) for each of the main lines A, B and C.

FIG. 8A depicts an exemplary reference signal V_(ref) for use when power converter 501 is a GCI. Here, V_(ref) is proportional to the input signal, V_(j). FIG. 8B depicts an exemplary embodiment of reference signal source unit 512 configured to generate the V_(ref) signal depicted in FIG. 8A. In this embodiment, the input voltages V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are input to the positive input of an operational amplifier having a feedback to the negative input in order to generate the reference signals i_(aref), i_(bref) and i_(cref).

FIG. 9A depicts an exemplary reference signal V_(ref) for use when power converter 501 is an SVC. Here, V_(ref) is proportional to and 90 degrees out of phase with the input signal, V_(j). FIG. 9B depicts an exemplary embodiment of reference signal source unit 512 configured to generate the V_(ref) signal depicted in FIG. 9A. In this embodiment, the input voltages V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are input to a PLL 514, which preferably determines the frequency of the input signal and uses a look up table in memory 515 to determine the amount of time by which the input signal should be delayed to generate the proper phase delay in the reference signals V_(aref), V_(bref) and V_(cref). PLL 514 preferably has a gain of +/−j V_(m) G_(e). It should be noted that the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 7-9 are exemplary embodiments only and are not intended to limit the systems and methods described herein. Any reference signal source unit 512 can be used in accordance with the needs of the application.

Numerous control methods can be used to implement control core 506. Preferably, control core 506 is implemented as an OCC core 506. FIG. 10 depicts one exemplary embodiment of control core 506 implemented as a vector operated OCC core 506 similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,545,887. The vector controlled OCC core 506 can operate at a rate equivalent to a 2/3 switching frequency. Because the controller 502 is an OCC controller, it is capable of fast dynamic response because the inner current control loop is embedded in the pulse-width modulator so as to provide dynamic response with one switching cycle. Consequently, the operation of the controller 502 at wider line frequency ranges, such as 0-2 kilohertz, is achievable with low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the line currents.

In this embodiment, controller 502 can be implemented with relatively few linear and logic components. The input signals 505 from the signal selection unit 504 are input to a signal adjustment unit 520. FIGS. 11A-B depict two exemplary embodiments of signal adjustment unit 520. FIG. 11A depicts an exemplary embodiment where adjustment unit 520 has two input signals 505, shown as i_(p) and i_(n). The input signals are input to a low pass filter 521 and then to a cross coupled concatenation of amplifiers 522 and adders 523, which output the summed signals 524. In this embodiment, each amplifier 522 has a gain of two.

FIG. 11B depicts an exemplary embodiment of the signal adjustment unit 520 having three input signals 505, shown here as i_(p), i_(t) and i_(n). Each of the input signals 505 are input to a low pass filter 521 and then the it signal is then subtracted from each of the i_(p) and i_(n) signals in the adders 524, which then output the resulting signals 524. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that any signal adjustment unit 520 can be used in control core 506 and, accordingly, the systems and methods described herein are not limited to the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 11A-B.

Referring back to FIG. 10, the signals 524 are each input to a comparator 526 configured to compare the signals 524 with signals 525 output from integrator unit 528, which is configured to integrate the output signal 535 from voltage loop compensator 534. Integrator 528 is also preferably provided with a reset. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that any type of integrator or an equivalent can be used for integrator 528. Comparators 526 output the resulting compared signal 527 to flip-flops 530. In this embodiment, flip-flops 530 are S/R flip-flops.

The systems and methods described herein also provide for modulation methods for controlling power converter 501. Each of these modulation methods are dependent upon the region of operation of power converter 501, for instance, as determined by region selection unit 508. FIG. 12 depicts a generic three phase three level converter 501 for use with several of the modulation methods described herein.

In this embodiment, each of the three main line time varying voltages V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are applied to an inductive element 606 and then routed through an array of switches 604 and 605. Here, each voltage signal V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) is connected to three nodes 601-603 via a switch 604-605. The three nodes are separated by capacitive elements 608. Specifically, the voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are connected to node 601 (also shown as the P node) by switches 604 labeled T_(ap), T_(bp) and T_(cp), respectively. Likewise, the voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are connected to node 603 (also shown as the N node) by switches 604 labeled T_(an), T_(bn) and T_(cn), respectively. The voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are also connected to node 602 by switches 605 labeled S_(a), S_(b) and S_(c), respectively.

Each switch 604 and 605 is preferably controlled by a drive signal 507 generated by the universal controller 502. In this embodiment, switches 604 are each preferably a power transistor, such as a power MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) and the like, while switches 605 are preferably four quadrant switches and the like. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that any type of switch can be used in accordance with the needs of the application.

FIG. 13A depicts an exemplary graph of voltage versus time for one period 610 of voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c), each of which preferably have a 120 degree phase separation. Here, period 610 is divided into six regions of operation, or sub-periods 611, for use in a vector controlled methodology. In this embodiment, each voltage signal V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) has a common relation with each other of the region 611. For instance, in the first region 611 occurring from—30 to 30, V_(c) has a higher voltage than V_(a), which in turn is higher than V_(b). In the region 611 occurring from 30 to 90, V_(a) is higher than V_(c), which in turn is higher than V_(b). Throughout this description, the signal having the highest voltage over a particular region 611 will be referred to as the high-signal, the signal having the lowest voltage will be referred to as the low-signal and the signal having the intermediate voltage, i.e., a voltage higher than the low-signal but lower than the high-signal, will be referred to as the mid-signal.

FIG. 13B is a flow chart depicting a modulation method 630 for use with the operating regions 611 depicted in FIG. 13A. In modulation method 630, the switches 604 and 605 in power converter 501 are driven open or closed based on the current operating region 611. At 631, the current operating region 611 is determined along with the corresponding high-signal, mid-signal and low-signal. At 632, the switch S_(i) (where i can be a, b or c) for the mid-signal is turned on, or closed, such that that signal is connected to node 602. At 633, the switches T_(in) and T_(ip) for the mid-signal are turned off, or opened, such that the mid-signal is not connected to nodes 601 and 603. At 634, the switch T_(in) for the high-signal is turned off. Then, at 635, the switches T_(ip) and S_(i) for the high-signal are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of S_(i) being defined by d_(p). At 636, the switch T_(ip) for the low-signal is turned off, while at 637, the switches S_(i) and T_(in) are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of S_(i) being defined by d_(n). At 638, the method reverts to 631 and repeats the method for the next operating region 611. It should be noted that steps 632-638 do not have to be performed in the order they are listed and can be performed in any order, including simultaneously.

Modulation method 630 is a vector-controlled method that can allow the power converter 501 depicted in FIG. 12 to be decoupled into a different dual-boost converter for every operating region 611. FIG. 13C depicts an exemplary embodiment of power converter 501 resulting from the application of modulation method 630 during operating region 611 occurring from −30 to 30 degrees. Here, power converter 501 is depicted as an equivalent dual-boost converter having two sawtooth voltage sources V_(ca) and V_(ab), coupled with inductive elements 606 for the respective main lines A, B and C. The inductive element 606 for the C line is coupled with the switches S_(c) and T_(cp). The switch T_(cp) is in turn coupled with a capacitive element 608. Likewise, the inductive element 606 for the B line is coupled with the switches T_(bn) and S_(b). The switch T_(bn) is in turn coupled with another capacitive element 608, which is coupled with the other capacitive element 608 and the output of the inductive element 606 for the A line. The switches S_(b) and S_(c) are coupled together and also with the output of the inductive element 606 for the A line. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the application of modulation method 630 to power converter 501 will result in a different equivalent circuit for each operating region 611.

The DC gain equation for modulation method 630 is given in equation (2) below: $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} {1 - d_{p}} \\ {1 - d_{n}} \end{bmatrix} = {{\frac{1}{E}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix}}\begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$ where d_(p) and d_(n) are duty ratios, E is the voltage between nodes and v_(p) and v_(n) are the voltages at nodes 601 and 603, respectively. FIG. 13D depicts a table 639 showing the duty ratios d_(p) and d_(n) and the voltages v_(p) and v_(n) for each operating region 611 of modulation method 630.

FIG. 13E is a flow chart depicting another exemplary modulation method 640 for use with the operating regions 611 depicted in FIG. 13A. In modulation method 640, the switches 604 and 605 in power converter 501 are driven open or closed based on the current operating region 611. At 641, the current operating region 611 is determined along with the corresponding high-signal, mid-signal and low-signal. At 642, the switch S_(i) (where i can be a, b or c) for the mid-signal is turned on, or closed, such that that signal is connected to node 602. At 643, the switches T_(in) and T_(ip) for the mid-signal are turned off, or opened, such that the mid-signal is not connected to nodes 601 and 603. At 644, the switch S_(i) for the high-signal is turned off. Then, at 645, the switches T_(ip) and T_(in) for the high-signal are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of T_(in) being defined by d_(p). At 646, the switch S_(i) for the low-signal is turned off, while at 647, the switches T_(ip) and T_(in) are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of T_(ip) being defined by d_(n). At 648, the method reverts to 641 and repeats the method for the next operating region 611. It should be noted that steps 642-648 do not have to be performed in the order they are listed and can be performed in any order, including simultaneously.

Modulation method 640 is also a vector-controlled method that can allow the power converter 501 depicted in FIG. 12 to be decoupled into a different dual-boost converter for every operating region 611. FIG. 13F depicts an exemplary embodiment of power converter 501 resulting from the application of modulation method 640 during operating region 611 occurring from −30 to 30 degrees. Here, power converter 501 is depicted as an equivalent dual-boost converter having two sawtooth voltage sources V_(ca) and V_(ab), coupled with inductive elements 606 for the respective main lines A, B and C. The inductive element 606 for the C line is coupled with the switches T_(cn) and T_(cp), which are in turn coupled with capacitive elements 608. Likewise, the inductive element 606 for the B line is coupled with the switches T_(bn) and T_(bp), which are in turn coupled with capacitive elements 608. The inductive element 606 for the A line is also coupled with the capacitive elements 608. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the application of modulation method 630 to power converter 501 will result in a different equivalent circuit for each operating region 611.

The DC gain equation for modulation method 640 is given in equation (3) below: $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} {1 - {2d_{p}}} \\ {1 - {2d_{n}}} \end{bmatrix} = {{\frac{1}{E}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix}}\begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$ where d_(p) and d_(n) are duty ratios, E is the voltage between the P and N nodes and v_(p) and v_(n) are the voltages at the P node and N node, respectively. FIG. 13G depicts a table 649 showing the duty ratios d_(p) and d_(n) and the voltages v_(p) and v_(n) for each operating region 611 of modulation method 640.

FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a power converter 501 for use with another exemplary modulation method 650. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment depicted in FIG. 12, except in this embodiment the switches S_(b), S_(c), T_(ap) and T_(an) have been removed and the switch S_(a) has been replaced by a short wire. Thus, only switches T_(bn), T_(bp), T_(cn) and T_(cp) are used to realize the three-phase conversion. This embodiment of power converter 501 can also be represented by the equivalent circuit depicted in FIG. 13C. In this embodiment, no vector controlled operation is required and the period 610 of voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) does not require separation into different operating regions 611. This embodiment of power converter 501 can experience a higher dc-rail voltage and asymmetric line current.

The DC gain equation for modulation method 650 is given in equation (4) below: $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} {1 - {2d_{p}}} \\ {1 - {2d_{n}}} \end{bmatrix} = {{\frac{1}{E}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix}}\begin{bmatrix} v_{c} \\ v_{b} \end{bmatrix}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$ where d_(p) and d_(n) are duty ratios and E is the voltage between the P and N nodes. The duty ratio of T_(cn) and T_(bp) is d_(p) and d_(n), respectively.

FIG. 15A depicts another exemplary graph of voltage versus time for one period 610 of voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c), each of which preferably have a 120 degree phase separation. Here, period 610 is divided into twelve regions of operation, or sub-periods 611, for use in a vector controlled modulation method 650, described in more detail below. Again, in this embodiment, each voltage signal V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) has a common relation with each other of the region 611. For instance, in the first region 611 occurring from −30 to 0, V_(c) is the high-signal, V_(a) is the mid-signal and V_(b) is the low-signal. Also, in this region 611 V_(c) has a positive polarity while V_(b) and V_(a) have negative polarities. For each region 611, one signal preferably has a polarity opposite that of the other two signals and is referred to as the dominant signal. The two signals having the same, opposite polarity are referred to as non-dominant signals. The mid-signal can always be considered a non-dominant signal. In this embodiment, the dominant signal is negative in regions 0-30, 30-60, 120-150, 150-180, 240-270 and 270-300, while the dominant signal is positive in regions −30-0, 60-90, 90-120, 180-210, 210-240 and 300-330.

FIG. 15B is a flow chart depicting the exemplary modulation method 660 for use with the operating regions 611 depicted in FIG. 15A. In modulation method 660, the switches 604 and 605 in power converter 501 are driven open or closed based on the current operating region 611. At 661, the current operating region 611 is determined along with the corresponding high-signal, mid-signal, low-signal, dominant and non-dominant signals. If the dominant signal is the low-signal, then the method proceeds to steps 662-668. If the dominant signal is the high-signal, then the method proceeds to steps 672-678.

If the dominant signal is the low-signal, then at 662 the switch T_(in) for the low-signal is turned on, or closed, such that that signal is connected to node 602. At 663, the corresponding switches T_(ip) and S_(i) for the low-signal are turned off such that the low-signal is not connected to nodes 601 and 603. At 664, the switch T_(in) for the high-signal is turned off. At 665, the switches T_(ip) and S_(i) for the high-signal are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of S_(i) being defined by d_(p). At 666, the switch S_(i) for the mid-signal is turned off, while at 667, the corresponding switches T_(ip) and T_(in) are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of T_(in) being defined by d_(n). At 668, the method reverts to 661 and repeats for the next operating region 611.

If the dominant signal is the high-signal, then at 672 the switch T_(ip) for the high-signal is turned on such that that signal is connected to node 602. At 673, the corresponding switches T_(in) and S_(i) for the high-signal are turned off such that the high-signal is not connected to nodes 601 and 603. At 674, the switch T_(ip) for the low-signal is turned off. At 675, the switches T_(ip) and S_(i) for the low-signal are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of S_(i) being defined by d_(p). At 676, the switch S_(i) for the mid-signal is turned off, while at 677, the corresponding switches T_(ip) and T_(in) are driven complementary to each other, the duty ratio of T_(ip) being defined by d_(n). At 668, the method reverts to 661 and repeats for the next operating region 611. It should be noted that steps 662-668 and 672-678 do not have to be performed in the order they are listed and can be performed in any order, including simultaneously.

Similar to modulation methods 630 and 640, modulation method 650 is a vector-controlled method that can allow the power converter 501 depicted in FIG. 12 to be decoupled into a simpler equivalent circuit for every operating region 611 depicted in FIG. 15A. FIG. 15C depicts an exemplary embodiment of power converter 501 resulting from the application of modulation method 660 during operating region 611 occurring from 0 to 30 degrees. Here, line B is connected directly to node 603, while switches T_(bp) and T_(cn) have been removed. One of skill in the art will readily recognize that the application of modulation method 660 to power converter 501 will result in a different equivalent circuit for each operating region 611.

The DC gain equation for modulation method 660 is given in equation (5) below: $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} {1 - \frac{d_{p}}{2}} \\ {1 - d_{n}} \end{bmatrix} = {{\frac{1}{2E}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}}\begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$ where d_(p) and d_(n) are duty ratios, E is the voltage between the P and N nodes and v_(p) and v_(n) are the voltages at the P node and N node, respectively. FIG. 15D depicts a table 669 showing the duty ratios d_(p) and d_(n) and the voltages v_(p) and v_(n) for each operating region 611 of modulation method 660.

A common goal in many power converter applications, including PFC, APF, GCI, and SVC, is that the line currents remain proportional to the line voltages and the phase difference between the line currents and line voltages is a desired value. For instance, the angle θ is zero for PFC and APF, is 180° for GCI, and is + or −90° for SVC. It is possible for the angle θ to be between −180° and 180°, i.e., it is possible for the power converter 501 to draw or inject real power, reactive VAR or a combination of both. This control goal is expressed in equation (6) below: $\begin{matrix} {\begin{bmatrix} i_{a} \\ i_{b} \\ i_{c} \end{bmatrix} = {{G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{a} \\ v_{b} \\ v_{c} \end{bmatrix}} + {G_{i} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{a} \\ v_{b} \\ v_{c} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$ where G_(e)·e^(j·θ) denotes conductance relating to the active and reactive power processed by the converter 501, G_(i) denotes conductance relating to the internal power of the power converter 501 and θ is in the range of 0°˜360°.

When θ=0°, G_(e)·e^(j·θ) becomes a positive real constant G_(e), and equation (4) represents a control goal equation for PFC and APF type converters 501. When θ=180°, G_(e)·e^(j·θ) becomes a negative real constant −G_(e), and equation (4) represents the control goal equation for a GCI type power converter 501. When θ=90° or −90°, G_(e)·e^(j·θ) becomes a positive/negative complex constant with zero real part j·G_(e) or −j·G_(e), and equation (6) represents the control goal equation for an SVC type power converter 501.

By considering the sensor resistance, which is the gain between real currents and the currents (voltage signals) in controller 502, and performing several algebra manipulations, a general control goal equation for PFCs, APFs, SVCs, and GCI's can be expressed as equation (7) below: $\begin{matrix} {{{\frac{1}{R_{s} \cdot G_{i}} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{a}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{b}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{c}} \end{bmatrix}} - {\frac{G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta}}{G_{i}} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{a} \\ v_{b} \\ v_{c} \end{bmatrix}}} = \begin{bmatrix} v_{a} \\ v_{b} \\ v_{c} \end{bmatrix}} & (7) \end{matrix}$ where R_(s) represents the gain of the current sensors.

Based on equation (7), the control key equations for each region 611 in the modulation strategies 630, 640, 650 and 660 can be expressed below: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{m} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {1 - d_{p}} \\ {1 - d_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} = {{\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{p}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} - {G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$ in each region the values of i_(p) and i_(n) will correspond to the values of v_(p) and v_(n) for the particular region and modulation method 630, 640, 650 and 660.

Moreover, for PFC and APF type power converters 501, it can be assumed that K·i_(p,n)=ν_(p,n), and equation (8) can be further simplified into equation (9) below: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{m} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {1 - d_{p}} \\ {1 - d_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} = {\left( {1 - \frac{G_{e} \cdot K}{R_{s}}} \right) \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{p}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{n}} \end{bmatrix}}} & (9) \end{matrix}$

It should be noted that the voltage signals are cancelled in this equation, thus allowing the control circuit to be further simplified. For GCI type power converters 501, similar algebraic manipulation can be done. However, a GCI power converter 501 based on the simplified equation (9) could make the power converter system 500 unstable.

The generalization of the control key equations for PFCs, APFs, STATCOMs, and GCIs in equation (8) allows the development of the universal controller 502 depicted in FIGS. 5 and 9. As mentioned above, the configuration of the reference signal source unit 512 allows the universal controller 502 to be implemented with all types of power converters 501, including, but not limited to PFC's, APF's, SVC's and GCI's. Although all derivation above is based on three-phase two-level converters and OCC, the concept can be easily extended to all other three-phase three-level configurations and modulation methods 630-660.

The control key equation for modulation method 630 can be expressed as equation (10) below: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{m} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {1 - d_{p}} \\ {1 - d_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} = {{\begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{p}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} - {G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

The control key equation for modulation method 640 can be expressed as equation (11) below: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{m} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {1 - {2 \cdot d_{p}}} \\ {1 - {2 \cdot d_{n}}} \end{bmatrix}} = {{\begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{p}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} - {G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

The control key equation for modulation method 650 can be expressed as equation (12) below: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{m} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {1 - {2 \cdot d_{p}}} \\ {1 - {2 \cdot d_{n}}} \end{bmatrix}} = {{\begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{c}} \\ {{- R_{s}} \cdot i_{b}} \end{bmatrix}} - {G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & {- 1} \\ {- 1} & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{c} \\ {- v_{b}} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

The control key equation for modulation method 660 can be expressed as equation (13) below: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{m} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {1 - {d_{p}/2}} \\ {1 - d_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} = {{\frac{1}{2} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} {R_{s} \cdot i_{p}} \\ {R_{s} \cdot i_{n}} \end{bmatrix}} - {\frac{G_{e} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta}}{2} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} v_{p} \\ v_{n} \end{bmatrix}}}} & (13) \end{matrix}$

Using the concepts described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,297,980 and 6,545,887, the control key equations (10)-(13) can be used to implement universal controllers 502 configured to generate the pulse width modulated drive signals 507 for power converter 501. The input current signals i_(p) and i_(n) represent the currents of the non-dominant phases and in each region they can be selected by the proper logic circuits, such as input selection unit 504, region selection unit 508 and drive signal distribution unit 510 described above with respect to FIG. 5. FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary embodiment of an OCC control core 506 usable with modulation method 630. FIGS. 16A-C depict the three level control cores 506 usable with each of the three modulation methods 640-660. Because modulation method 650 relies only on i_(b) and i_(c), the input selection unit 504, region selection unit 508 and drive signal distribution unit 510 are not required.

FIG. 16A depicts an exemplary embodiment of OCC control core 506 configured for implementation in universal controller 502 with modulation method 540. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment described above with respect to FIG. 9 with the exception that the resistance of the input resistor for integrator 528 is halved.

FIG. 16B depicts another exemplary embodiment of OCC control core 506 configured for implementation in universal controller 502 with modulation method 550. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment described above with respect to FIG. 16A with the exception that because only the input currents i_(b) and i_(c) are used, this embodiment of control core 506 can be implemented in universal controller 502 without input selection unit 504, region selection unit 508 and drive signal distribution unit 510.

FIG. 16C depicts another exemplary embodiment of OCC control core 506 configured for implementation in universal controller 502 with modulation method 560. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment described above with respect to FIG. 9 with the exception that a second integrator 580 is provided having an input resistance twice that of the other integrator 528. The outputs of each this second integrator 580 is fed to the comparator 526 coupled with the Q_(p) flip-flop 530.

In addition to the OCC cores 506 depicted in FIGS. 16A-C, other cores 506 using different control methodologies can also be used with system 500. FIGS. 17A-C depict additional configurations of control core 506. FIG. 11A depicts an exemplary embodiment of control core 506 configured as an average current mode control core. In this embodiment, two vector voltage signals, v_(p) and v_(n), and two current signals, i_(p) and i_(n), are selected for each operating region 611, depending on the particular modulation method 630-660 used. The i_(p) and i_(n) signals are input to a linear combination circuit 710 having cross-coupled amplifiers 711 and adders 712. The output signals 713 from this linear combination circuit 710 are output to adders 714.

The voltage signals v_(p) and v_(n) are input to multipliers 715 where they are multiplied by V_(m) to form scalable voltage signals 716 (V_(p)*V_(m) and V_(n)*V_(m)). These voltage signals 716 are then input into a second linear combination circuit 710, which outputs signals 717 to adders 714. Adders 714 add signals 717 and 713 and output the combined signals 718 to compensators 719, each preferably having the function G_(c)(s). Compensators 719 preferably output signal 720 to a pulse width modulation unit 721, which preferably compares signal 720 to a sawtooth or triangular signal (not shown) in order to perform pulse width modulation (PWM). The resulting modulated signal 722, Q_(p) and Q_(n), are the drive signals 507 for the power converter 501. These signal 722 are preferably channeled or routed to the proper switches 604 or 605 according to the modulation method 630-660.

FIG. 17B depicts another exemplary embodiment of control core 506 configured as a current mode control core. Similar to the embodiment described with regard to FIG. 17A, in this embodiment two vector voltage signals, v_(p) and v_(n), and two current signals, i_(p) and i_(n), are selected for each operating region 611, depending on the particular modulation method 630-660 used. The voltage signals v_(p) and v_(n) are input to multipliers 715 to be multiplied by the voltage signal V_(m) to form scalable voltage signals 716 (V_(p)*V_(m) and V_(n)*V_(m)). These voltage signals 716 are then input into a linear combination circuit 710, which outputs signals 717 to the negative input of comparators 730.

The i_(p) and i_(n) signals are input to a linear combination circuit 710 having cross-coupled amplifiers 711 and adders 712. A clock 732 generates a clock signal 733, which is preferably used to generate a synchronized sawtooth signal 737 at synchronizer 736. This sawtooth signal 737 is added to the sum of the amplified R_(s)i_(p) signal and the R_(s)i_(n) signal at one adder 712. The output signal 713 from the adder 712 is input to the positive input of one of the comparators 730. The sawtooth signal 737 is added to the sum of the amplified R_(s)i_(n) signal and the R_(s)i_(p) at adder 714, the output signal 734 of the adder 714 is input to the positive input of the other comparator 730, as depicted in FIG. 17B.

The output signals of the comparators 730 are input to flip-flops 738, which in this embodiment, is the R input of the S-R flip-flops 738. The clock signal 733 is input to the S input of the flip-flops 738. The clock signal 733 sets each flip-flop 738 and when each comparator output 731 changes state, the corresponding flip-flop 738 will reset. The resulting flip-flop output signals 739, Q_(p) and Q_(n), are the drive signals 507 for the power converter 501. These signal 739 are preferably channeled or routed to the proper switches 604 or 605 according to the modulation method 630-660.

FIG. 17C depicts an exemplary embodiment of control core 506 configured as a sliding mode control core. Similar to the embodiments discussed above with respect to FIGS. 17A-B, in this embodiment two vector voltage signals, v_(p) and v_(n), and two current signals, i_(p) and i_(n), are selected for each operating region 611, depending on the particular modulation method 630-660 used. The voltage signals v_(p) and v_(n) are input to multipliers 715 to be multiplied by the voltage signal V_(m) to form scalable voltage signals 716. These voltage signals 716 are then input into a linear combination circuit 710, which outputs signals 717 to the negative input of the Schmidt triggers 758. The i_(p) and i_(n) signals are input to another linear combination circuit 710 and the output signals 713 from this linear combination circuit 710 are input to the positive inputs of the Schmidt triggers 758. The Schmidt triggers 758 generate variable frequency output signals 760, Q_(p) and Q_(n), which are the drive signals 507 for the power converter 501. These signals 760 are preferably channeled or routed to the proper switches 604 or 605 according to the modulation method 630-660. In order to reduce the variable frequency of signals 760 or provide a constant frequency, other circuits such as a phase lock loop (PLL) or variable hysteresis Schmidt trigger and the like can be substituted for Schmidt triggers 758.

The systems and methods described herein also provide for a method of improving performance of three phase two-level and three-level PFC rectifiers, similar to the one depicted in FIG. 1A, having a light load. FIG. 18A depicts an exemplary graph of voltage versus time for a V_(m) signal 802 and an i_(p) or i_(n) signal 804 in a PFC rectifier operating with a relatively heavy load, while FIG. 18B depicts the same signals under a relatively light or zero load. Because the currents are close to constant in a PFC rectifier, the i_(p) or i_(n) signal 804 is represented in both FIGS. 18A-B as a straight line. FIG. 18C depicts an exemplary graph of voltage versus time showing a noise level 806 for the PFC rectifier. FIG. 18D depicts an exemplary graph of voltage versus time showing PWM driving signals 808 for the PFC rectifier. Because the signals 802 and 804 remain proportional the crossing point 803 between signal 802 and 804 does not change under varying load levels, the PWM driving signals 808 are preferably kept constant over the varying load levels in order to maintain the same level of input to output DC gain. Here, the crossing points 803 used to generate the PWM signals 808 occur at To, T, and T₂.

As can be seen in FIGS. 18A-B, the peak-to-peak voltage range of the V_(m) signal 802 and the slope of the signal 802 is much greater under the heavy, or substantial, loads than under light loads. As a result, noise 806 has a lesser effect on the V_(m) signal 802 under heavy loads than under light loads. Thus, the PFC rectifier can become unstable at light loads preventing proper operation.

FIG. 18E depicts an exemplary limiting method 810, which can be used to limit the minimum level of signal 802 and improve the performance of the PFC rectifier. At 812, the three phase line signals, V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c), are scaled down, for instance, to 5% of the level of current signals 804 under heavy load conditions. At 814, these scaled signals are input as the reference signal to the PFC rectifier, instead of ground. This limits the minimum values of signals 802 and 804. At 816, the PFC rectifier is operated. The injected reference signals are small compared to the signals 804 under heavy load conditions and will only increase the voltage signals V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) a small amount. Method 810 can also be used in APF, SVC and various other power converters 501 to remedy instability problems under light loads.

The systems and methods described herein also provide for improving performance for APF or SVC and other similar converters 501 having nonlinear loads. In order to closely follow the current flowing through a nonlinear load, the value of the inductive elements 606 is desired to be relatively low. However, this low inductance increases the harmonic currents through the inductive element 606 at or near the switching frequency. This can result in unacceptable levels of THD under light load conditions.

In order to remedy this, the switching frequency of the universal controller 502 is adjusted according to the load level. The minimum switching frequency and inductance values are preferably selected to satisfy the ripple and THD requirements under heavy loads first.

Then, the switching frequency can be increased when the load is reduced allowing the THD levels to be acceptable under both heavy and light, or zero, loads.

One of skill in the art will readily recognize that all embodiments described herein can be implemented using digital components, instead of, or in addition to analog components.

Therefore, the systems and methods described herein are not limited to analog implementations of the control system 500 and the various constituent components, and include both digital implementations and analog/digital combinations of system 500, universal controller 502 and the various components described herein.

Other advantages of embodiments of the universal controller 502 using an OCC core 506 include digital form control, operation under balanced or unbalanced grid conditions and robust and stable operation with solid global convergence to increase stability. Furthermore, these OCC controllers 502 can operate without multipliers, added software or harmonics calculations. The number of components are also reduced over conventional circuits by several orders of magnitude.

In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention. As an example, each feature of one embodiment can be mixed and matched with other features shown in other embodiments. Features and processes known to those of ordinary skill may similarly be incorporated as desired. Additionally and obviously, features may be added or subtracted as desired. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. 

1. A method of modulating a three-phase three-level power converter comprising a first, a second and a third voltage source, each voltage source being configured to output a time-varying signal and being inductively coupled to a separate input node, each input node being connectable to a first output node, a second output node and a third output node, the converter further comprising a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output nodes and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and the third output node, wherein each time-varying voltage signal has substantially the same period and a different phase, the method comprising: determining which voltage signal has the highest voltage, the lowest voltage and the intermediate voltage higher than one of the voltage signals and lower than the other voltage signal for each of a plurality of sub-periods; connecting the voltage signal having the intermediate voltage to only the first output node during each sub-period; connecting the voltage signal having the highest voltage to one of the second or third output nodes during each sub-period; and connecting the voltage signal having the lowest voltage to one of the second or third output nodes during each sub-period.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the input node of the first voltage source is connectable to the first output node with a first switching element, to the second output node with a second switching element and to the third output node with a third switching element, the input node of the second voltage source is connectable to the first output node with a fourth switching element, to the second output node with a fifth switching element and to the third output node with a sixth switching element, and the input node of the third voltage source is connectable to the first output node with a seventh switching element, to the second output node with an eighth switching element and to the third output node with a ninth switching element.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the period of the time-varying voltage signals is dividable into six substantially equal sub-periods.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising connecting the first second and third voltage signals such that the voltage at the second output node is the voltage of the signal having the highest voltage and the voltage at the third output node is the voltage of the signal having the lowest voltage.
 5. The method of claim 2, further comprising providing a universal controller configured to generate a plurality of drive signals, each drive signal configured to control a switching element.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the universal controller comprises an average current mode control core.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the universal controller comprises a current mode control core.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the universal controller comprises a sliding mode control core.
 9. A method of modulating a three-phase three-level power converter, comprising: providing a power converter comprising a first, a second and a third voltage source each configured to output a time-varying signal, the first and second voltage sources each being inductively coupled to a separate input node, the output nodes being connectable to a first and second output node, and the third voltage source being inductively coupled to a third output node, the power converter further comprising a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output node, and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and the third output node, wherein each time-varying voltage signal has substantially the same period and a different phase; and providing a controller configured to control the connection of the second and third voltage sources to the second and third output nodes.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the input nodes are connectable to the first and second output nodes with a plurality of switching elements.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the universal controller comprises a one-cycle control core.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the universal controller comprises an average current mode control core.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the universal controller comprises a current mode control core.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein the universal controller comprises a sliding mode control core.
 15. A method of modulating a three-phase three-level power converter comprising a first, a second and a third voltage source, each voltage source being configured to output a time-varying signal and being inductively coupled to a separate input node, each input node being connectable to a first output node, a second output node and a third output node, the converter further comprising a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output node and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and the third output node, wherein each time-varying voltage signal has substantially the same period and a different phase, the method comprising: determining which voltage signal has the highest voltage, the lowest voltage and the intermediate voltage higher than one of the voltage signals and lower than the other voltage signal for each of a plurality of sub-periods; connecting the voltage signal having the lowest voltage to only the third output node when the dominant voltage signal is lower than the non-dominant voltage signals; connecting the voltage signal having the highest voltage to one of the first output node and the second output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is lower than the non-dominant voltage signals; connecting the voltage signal having the intermediate voltage to one of the second output node and the third output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is lower than the non-dominant voltage signals; connecting the voltage signal having the highest voltage to only the second output node when the dominant voltage signal is higher than the non-dominant voltage signals; connecting the voltage signal having the lowest voltage to one of the first output node and the second output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is higher than the non-dominant voltage signals; and connecting the voltage signal having the intermediate voltage to one of the second output node and the third output node during each sub-period where the dominant voltage signal is higher than the non-dominant voltage signals.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the input nodes are connectable to the first and second output nodes with a plurality of switching elements.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising providing a universal controller configured to control the plurality of switching elements.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the universal controller comprises a one-cycle control core.
 19. The method of claim 15, wherein the universal controller comprises an average current mode control core.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the universal controller comprises a current mode control core.
 21. The method of claim 15, wherein the universal controller comprises a sliding mode control core.
 22. The method of claim 16, wherein the input node of the first voltage source is connectable to the first output node with a first switching element, to the second output node with a second switching element and to the third output node with a third switching element, the input node of the second voltage source is connectable to the first output node with a fourth switching element, to the second output node with a fifth switching element and to the third output node with a sixth switching element, and the input node of the third voltage source is connectable to the first output node with a seventh switching element, to the second output node with an eighth switching element and to the third output node with a ninth switching element.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the period of the time-varying voltage signals is dividable into twelve substantially equal sub-periods.
 24. A three phase two level universal controller, comprising: a one cycle control (OCC) core configured to generate a plurality of drive signals; a region selection unit configured to monitor a first, second and third time-varying voltage signal, each voltage signal having a different phase, and configured to determine a region of operation based on each of the time-varying signals; a signal selection unit coupled with the region selection unit and the OCC core and configured to select one or more input signals based on the region of operation and provide the selected signals to the core; and a drive signal distribution unit coupled to the OCC core and the region selection unit, the drive signal distribution unit configured to distribute the drive signals to a static volt-ampere-reactive (VAR) compensator (SVC), wherein the drive signals are configured to control a plurality of switching elements in the SVC.
 25. The universal controller of claim 24, further comprising a reference signal source unit configured to provide a reference signal to the control core.
 26. The universal controller of claim 25, wherein the signal selection unit is configured to combine the reference signal with each of the time varying voltage signals and select one or more input signals from the combined signals.
 27. A three phase three level universal controller, comprising: a one cycle control (OCC) core configured to generate a plurality of drive signals; a region selection unit configured to monitor a first, second and third main time-varying voltage signal, each voltage signal having a different phase, and configured to determine a region of operation based on each of the main signals; an signal selection unit coupled with the region selection unit and the OCC core and configured to select one or more input signals based on the region of operation and provide the selected signals to the core; and a drive signal distribution unit coupled to the OCC core and the region selection unit, the drive signal distribution unit configured to distribute the drive signals to an active power filter (APF), wherein the drive signals are configured to control a plurality of switching elements in the APF.
 28. The universal controller of claim 27, further comprising a reference signal source unit configured to provide a reference signal to the control core.
 29. The universal controller of claim 28, wherein the signal selection unit is configured to combine the reference signal with each of the time varying voltage signals and select one or more input signals from the combined signals.
 30. A three phase three level universal controller, comprising: a one cycle control (OCC) core configured to generate a plurality of drive signals; a region selection unit configured to monitor a first, second and third main time-varying voltage signal, each voltage signal having a different phase, and configured to determine a region of operation based on each of the main signals; an signal selection unit coupled with the region selection unit and the OCC core and configured to select one or more input signals based on the region of operation and provide the selected signals to the core; and a drive signal distribution unit coupled to the OCC core and the region selection unit, the drive signal distribution unit configured to distribute the drive signals to an grid connected inverter (GCI), wherein the drive signals are configured to control a plurality of switching elements in the GCI.
 31. The universal controller of claim 30, further comprising a reference signal source unit configured to provide a reference signal to the control core.
 32. The universal controller of claim 31, wherein the signal selection unit is configured to combine the reference signal with each of the time varying voltage signals and select one or more input signals from the combined signals.
 33. A three phase three level universal controller, comprising: a one cycle control (OCC) core configured to generate a plurality of drive signals; a region selection unit configured to monitor a first, second and third main time-varying voltage signal, each voltage signal having a different phase, and configured to determine a region of operation based on each of the main signals; an signal selection unit coupled with the region selection unit and the OCC core and configured to select one or more input signals based on the region of operation and provide the selected signals to the core; and a drive signal distribution unit coupled to the OCC core and the region selection unit, the drive signal distribution unit configured to distribute the drive signals to an SVC converter, wherein the drive signals are configured to control a plurality of switching elements in the SVC converter.
 34. The universal controller of claim 33, further comprising a reference signal source unit configured to provide a reference signal to the control core.
 35. The universal controller of claim 34, wherein the signal selection unit is configured to combine the reference signal with each of the time varying voltage signals and select one or more input signals from the combined signals.
 36. A method of modeling a power converter system, comprising: determining a phase offset value and a gain value for a reference signal, wherein the reference signal is input to a controller model configured to control a power converter; modeling the reference signal by applying the determined phase and gain values into the formula $\begin{bmatrix} i_{aref} \\ i_{bref} \\ i_{cref} \end{bmatrix} = {G_{e} \cdot {{\mathbb{e}}^{j \cdot \theta}\begin{bmatrix} v_{a} \\ v_{b} \\ v_{c} \end{bmatrix}}}$ where: G_(e) is the gain value, θ is the phase offset value, V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c) are input signals to the power converter and i_(aref), i_(bref) and i_(cref) are the reference signals corresponding to V_(a), V_(b) and V_(c); and modeling the controller with the reference signal generated by the formula.
 37. A three phase three level universal controller, comprising: a one cycle control (OCC) core configured to generate a plurality of drive signals, the OCC core comprising: a signal adjustment unit configured to condition a plurality of input signals and output a first and a second conditioned signals; an integrator configured to integrate an output voltage signal from a power converter and output an integrated signal; a first and a second comparator each communicatively coupled with the integrator and the signal adjustment unit, the first comparator configured to compare the first conditioned signal with the integrated signal and output a first compared signal and the second comparator configured to compare the second conditioned signal with the integrated signal and output a second compared signal; a first flip-flop communicatively coupled with the first comparator and a clock signal generator and configured to output a first drive signal; and a second flip-flop communicatively coupled with the first comparator and a clock signal generator and configured to output a second drive signal, wherein the first and second drive signals are configured to directly control the power converter independent of an operating region of the power converter.
 38. The controller of claim 37, wherein the first flip-flop and second flip-flops are S/R flip-flops.
 39. The controller of claim 37, wherein the drive signals are configured to control a power converter comprising: a first voltage source configured to output a first time-varying signal, wherein the first voltage source is inductively coupled to a first input node; a first switching element coupled between the first input node and a first output node; a second switching element coupled between the first input node and a second output node; a third switching element coupled between the second input node a the first output node; a fourth switching element coupled between the second input node and the second output node; a first capacitive element coupled between the first and the second output node; and a second capacitive element coupled between the second output node and a third output node, wherein the third voltage source is inductively coupled with the third output node and each time-varying voltage signal has substantially the same period and a different phase.
 40. A three phase three level universal controller, comprising: a one cycle control (OCC) core configured to generate a plurality of drive signals, the OCC core comprising: a signal adjustment unit configured to condition a plurality of input signals and output a first and a second conditioned signals; a first integrator configured to integrate an output voltage signal from a power converter and output a first integrated signal; a second integrator configured to integrate the output voltage signal from the power converter and output a second integrated signal; a first comparator communicatively coupled with the second integrator and the signal adjustment unit, the first comparator configured to compare the first conditioned signal with the second integrated signal and output a first compared signal; a second comparator communicatively coupled with the first integrator and the signal adjustment unit, the second comparator configured to compare the second conditioned signal with the first integrated signal and output a second compared signal; a first flip-flop communicatively coupled with the first comparator and a clock signal generator and configured to output a first drive signal; and a second flip-flop communicatively coupled with the first comparator and a clock signal generator and configured to output a second drive signal, wherein the first and second drive signals are configured to control the power converter.
 41. The controller of claim 40, wherein the first flip-flop and second flip-flops are S/R flip-flops.
 42. The controller of claim 41, further comprising: a region selection unit configured to monitor a first, second and third time-varying voltage signal, each voltage signal having a different phase, and configured to determine a region of operation based on the three time-varying voltage signals; an signal selection unit coupled with the region selection unit and the OCC core and configured to select a plurality of input signals based on the region of operation and provide the selected input signals to the core; and a drive signal distribution unit coupled to the OCC core and the region selection unit, the drive signal distribution unit configured to distribute the drive signals to the power converter, wherein the drive signals are configured to control a plurality of switching elements in the power converter.
 43. A method of generating a reference signal for a power converter to stabilize performance over a range of load conditions, comprising: scaling down a first, second and third main line voltage signal, wherein each voltage signal has a different phase; inputting these scaled down signals as reference signals to a power converter; and operating the power converter.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the first, second and third main line voltage signals are scaled down from the voltage signal levels present under a substantial load.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the power converter is a power factor corrected (PFC) rectifier.
 46. The method of claim 43, wherein the power converter is an active power filter (APF).
 47. The method of claim 43, wherein the power converter is a static volt-ampere-reactive (VAR) compensator (SVC).
 48. A method of modulating a switching frequency in a power converter, comprising: providing a controller configured to control a power converter having a nonlinear load having a load level, wherein the controller has an input voltage switching frequency; changing the switching frequency in response to a change in the load level of the power converter, wherein the switching frequency is increased when the load level decreases and the switching frequency is decreased when the load level is increased. 